Wiki: Ludwig van Beethoven composed a Theme and Three Variations for flute and piano, Op. 105, based on the song, late in his life.
Ludwig Van Beethoven, Op. 105, 6 Themes and Variations for flute and piano, 4 - Scottish Air in E flat (composed 1818-1819)
Wiki: Felix Mendelssohn composed a Fantasia in E major, Op. 15, based on the song (1827?, publ. London, 1830).
Wiki: Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst wrote a set of variations for the violin on the song; these are considered extremely difficult to play.
Wiki: Benjamin Britten composed an arrangement in E flat major.
Benjamin Britten, The Last Rose of Summer
Bonus:
'Tis the last rose of summer,
Left blooming alone;
All her lovely companions
Are faded and gone;
No flow'r of her kindred,
No rosebud is nigh
To reflect back her blushes,
Or give sigh for sigh.
I'll not leave thee, thou lone one,
To pine on the stem;
Since the lovely are sleeping,
Go, sleep thou with them;
Thus kindly I scatter
Thy leaves o'er thy bed,
Where thy mates of the garden
Lie scentless and dead.
So soon may I follow,
When friendships decay,
And from Love's shining circle
The gems drop away!
When true hearts lie wither'd.
And fond ones are flown,
Oh! who would inhabit
This bleak world alone?